关键词：外位语结构,翻译的技巧
来源：上海外教网 | 发布日期：2011-08-15 14:46
来源：上海外教网 | 发布日期：2011-08-15 14:46
汉语外位结构也称为主题句，句中的一部分是事或叙理的，也就是所谓的外位语，而句子的另一部分进行总结或评论，表达作者的观点和想法，也就是该句的主题。这种句子的特点是，外位语与句子其它成分并没有什么关系，即使把它们删除，句子仍然成立，但它们又是主题表达所必需的内容，一般用逗号或破折号与其它成分分开。汉语外位语主题句结构的翻译一般有以下五种方法：
1、对应法
A、突出外位语：将最重要的事实放在句首，主题部分紧随其后，做进一步进行说明。
1）和平——这是当前形势的主要特点。
Peace—this is the main feature of today‘s international situation.
2）我们的钱、房子，全都给你们，只要留我们一条命。
Our money and house—you can have them all, only let us live.
B、先分后总：对于较长的主语，有时放置在句首，作为外位语，另用一个代词总结，以点明主题。
1）清水涟漪的西湖、千姿百态的远山、弯弯曲曲的塔顶、古老典雅的寺庙，这一切都给杭州带来仙境般的景色。
West Lake with its clear water, the distant hills in shades of green, the pagoda with curved roofs,
the temples of old times—all these give Hangzhou an almost fairy land look.
C、突出主题：整句更侧重于主题句。
1）我又遇到了琳达，她身体结实，也许能活上100岁。
Again, I came across Linda—tough, and will likely touch a hundred.
2）革命工作多种多样，但目标总是一样的，那就是实现现代化。
Revolutionary work may be varied but the goal is the same—to realize modernizations.
D、先总后分：先讲主题再分别叙述，中间往往以冒号或破折号隔开。
张太太有三个女儿——一个在上海、一个在北京、一个在成都。
Mrs. Zhang has three daughters—one in Shanghai, one in Beijing and the other in Chengdu.
E、重复关键词：有时句中关键词会出现重复的现象，翻译时可同样采取重复的方法
使译文生动流畅。
1）万恶之源并不是金钱，而是金钱恋——过分贪婪的金钱恋。
It is not money, but the love of money—the excessive, covetous love of money, that is the root of
all evil.
2）他的脸发白了——白得像死人的脸一样。
His face turned white—as white as a dead person's.
2、拆句法
将外位语结构与主题拆开来，形成独立的句子或并列分句，这样的翻译使句子更为简练，容易阅读。如：
灾难深重的中华民族，100年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前仆后继，摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。
For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughters of the disaster—ridden Chinese nation fought and
sacrificed their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that
would save the country and the people. This moved us to song and tears.
3、还原法
将句中的外位语结构还原成主题句中的一个成分，通常是主语。如：
百花齐放，百家争鸣，这是促进艺术发展和科学进步的方针。
The policy for promoting progress in the arts and sciences is letting a hundred flowers blossom and
a hundred schools of thought contend.
4、转化法
对外位语结构的转化，在形式上比较灵活，可以根据英语的习惯，改变外位语在原句中的句子成分，一般将外位语转化成英语的不定式、状语、主语等成分。如：
1）她的父母在她年幼的时候几乎同时死去，这是很可怕的。
It is dreadful that her father and mother died almost at the same time when she was young.
2）他们做了不少好事，这已得到了证明。
It has been proved that they have done many good deeds.
5、转化法与拆句法相结合
子绝四：毋意，毋必，毋固，毋我。
From four things the Master was entirely free. He made no arbitrary conjectures. He was never
over-positive, never obstinate, never egoistic.
1、对应法
A、突出外位语：将最重要的事实放在句首，主题部分紧随其后，做进一步进行说明。
1）和平——这是当前形势的主要特点。
Peace—this is the main feature of today‘s international situation.
2）我们的钱、房子，全都给你们，只要留我们一条命。
Our money and house—you can have them all, only let us live.
B、先分后总：对于较长的主语，有时放置在句首，作为外位语，另用一个代词总结，以点明主题。
1）清水涟漪的西湖、千姿百态的远山、弯弯曲曲的塔顶、古老典雅的寺庙，这一切都给杭州带来仙境般的景色。
West Lake with its clear water, the distant hills in shades of green, the pagoda with curved roofs,
the temples of old times—all these give Hangzhou an almost fairy land look.
C、突出主题：整句更侧重于主题句。
1）我又遇到了琳达，她身体结实，也许能活上100岁。
Again, I came across Linda—tough, and will likely touch a hundred.
2）革命工作多种多样，但目标总是一样的，那就是实现现代化。
Revolutionary work may be varied but the goal is the same—to realize modernizations.
D、先总后分：先讲主题再分别叙述，中间往往以冒号或破折号隔开。
张太太有三个女儿——一个在上海、一个在北京、一个在成都。
Mrs. Zhang has three daughters—one in Shanghai, one in Beijing and the other in Chengdu.
E、重复关键词：有时句中关键词会出现重复的现象，翻译时可同样采取重复的方法
使译文生动流畅。1）万恶之源并不是金钱，而是金钱恋——过分贪婪的金钱恋。
It is not money, but the love of money—the excessive, covetous love of money, that is the root of
all evil.
2）他的脸发白了——白得像死人的脸一样。
His face turned white—as white as a dead person's.
2、拆句法
将外位语结构与主题拆开来，形成独立的句子或并列分句，这样的翻译使句子更为简练，容易阅读。如：
灾难深重的中华民族，100年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前仆后继，摸索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。
For a hundred years, the finest sons and daughters of the disaster—ridden Chinese nation fought and
sacrificed their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that
would save the country and the people. This moved us to song and tears.
3、还原法
将句中的外位语结构还原成主题句中的一个成分，通常是主语。如：
百花齐放，百家争鸣，这是促进艺术发展和科学进步的方针。
The policy for promoting progress in the arts and sciences is letting a hundred flowers blossom and
a hundred schools of thought contend.
4、转化法
对外位语结构的转化，在形式上比较灵活，可以根据英语的习惯，改变外位语在原句中的句子成分，一般将外位语转化成英语的不定式、状语、主语等成分。如：
1）她的父母在她年幼的时候几乎同时死去，这是很可怕的。
It is dreadful that her father and mother died almost at the same time when she was young.
2）他们做了不少好事，这已得到了证明。
It has been proved that they have done many good deeds.
5、转化法与拆句法相结合
子绝四：毋意，毋必，毋固，毋我。
From four things the Master was entirely free. He made no arbitrary conjectures. He was never
over-positive, never obstinate, never egoistic.
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